Transnational Dispute Management publishes the first of two articles by Parvan P. Parvanov on the “Americanization” of the New York and Panama Conventions by the Second Circuit Court of Appeals in dealing with “non-signatories” to international arbitration agreements at the enforcement stage. The article traces the origins of the undue “Americanization” of the treaty regime in three cases decided between 2001 and 2005 and offers suggestions to the Second Circuit Court of Appeals on how to return to sound analysis under the two treaties.